Effectiveness of Caudal Epidural Block for Minor Gynaecological Procedures in Day Care Surgery.

Bridenbaugh LD. Regional anesthesia for outpatient surgery-a summary of 12 years’ experience. Can Anaesth Soc J 1983;30(5):548-52.         

Mingus ML. Recovery advantages of regional anesthesia compared with general anesthesia: adult patients. J Clin Anesth 1995;7(7):628-33.           

Cucchiaro G, De Lagausie P, El-Ghonemi A, et al. Single-dose caudal anesthesia for major intra-abdominal operations in high-risk infants. Anesth Analg 2001;92(6):1439-41.            

Karmakar MK, Aun CST, Wong ELY, et al. Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2002;94(2):259-65.      

Verghese ST, Mostello LA, Patel RI, et al. Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children. Anesth Analg 2002;94(5):1161-4.           

Tobias JD. Caudal epidural block: a review of test dosing and recognition of systemic injection in children. Anesth Analg 2001;93(5):1156-61.           

Koinig H, Krenn CG, Glaser C, et al. The dose-response of caudal ropivacaine in children. Anesthesiology 1999;90(5):1339-44.        

Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, Rice LJ, et al. Caudal anesthesia in children: effect of volume versus concentration of bupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchiopexy. Anesth Analg 2002;95(5):1219-23.           

Crighton IM, Barry BP, Hobbs GJ. A study of the caudal space using magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1997;78(4):391-5.          

Adebamowo CA, Ladipo JK, Ajao OG. Randomized comparison of agents for caudal anaesthesia in anal surgery. Br J Surg 1996;83(3):364-5.  

Van Elstraete AC, Lebrun T, Pastureau F. Costs and profiles of caudal anesthesia for anorectal surgery in adults. Anesthesiology 2001;95(3):813-4.            

Abouleish E. Caudal analgesia for quadruplet delivery. Anesth Analg 1976;55(1):61-6.                            

Chen JS, Lau HP, Chao CC. Caudal block in vaginal delivery. Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi 1987;25(3):145-50.       

Atherton AMJ. Caudal epidurals: the ‘whoosh test’. Anaesthesia 1998;53:927.

Tsui BCH, Tarkkila P, Gupta S, et al. Confirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation. Anesthesiology 1999;91(2):374-8.            

Curatolo M, Peterson-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhances the depth of epidural blockade. Anesth Analg 1998;86(2):341-7.          

Van Elstraete AC, Pastureau F, Lebrun T, et al. Caudal clonidine for postoperative analgesia in adults. Br J Anaesth 2000;84(3):401-2.           

De Beer DA, Thomas ML. Caudal additives in children - solutions or problems? Br J Anaesth 2003;90(4):487-98.               

Lawhorn CD, Stoner JM, Schmitz ML, et al. Caudal epidural butorphanol plus bupivacaine versus bupivacaine in pediatric outpatient genitourinary procedures. J Clin Anesth 1997;9(2):103-8.                              

Constant I, Gall O, Gouyet L, et al. Addition of clonidine or fentanyl to local anesthetics prolong the duration of surgical analgesia after single shot caudal block in children. Br J Anaesth 1998;80(3):294-8.               

Turan A, Memis D, Basaran UN, et al. Caudal ropivacaine and neostigmine in pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology 2003;98(3):719-22.         

Arakawa M, Aoyama Y, Ohe Y. Block of the sacral segments in lumbar epidural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2003;90(2):173-8.            

Sakura S, Sumi M, Kushizaki H, et al. Concentration of lidocaine affects intensity of sensory block during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999;88(1):123-7.     

Yokoyama M, Mizobuchi S, Nagano O, et al. The effects of epidural insertion site and surgical procedure on plasma lidocaine concentration. Anesth Analg 2001;92(2):470-5.                                   

Vadodaria B, Conn D. Caudal epidural anaesthesia. Update in Anaesthesia 1998;8:14-7.

Pappas ALS, Sukhani R, Hatch D. Caudal anesthesia and urinary retention for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;85(3):706.