Year : 2020 Month : July Volume : 9 Issue : 30 Page : 2133-2138

Haematological Changes in Tuberculosis with Special Reference to Iron Metabolism

Avneesh Malviya1, Neelima Bahal2

1Department of Pathology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute and Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
2Department of Pathology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute and Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.



CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Dr. Avneesh Malviya, Assistant Professor, SGRR IH & MS, Patel Nagar, Dehradun-248001, Uttarkhand, India.
Email : avneeshmalviya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis is an ancient human disease that has long been a major public health challenge in the world and remains a major health problem in most developing countries. Tuberculosis is uncommon in most parts of the western world, except for the geriatric population and in patients with AIDS, where it is assuming increasing importance. In the third world, however, it remains a major problem. In South Africa it is still very common and is a major cause of death.

 

METHODS

For the present case control study, 45 cases were selected from patients attending the OPD and admitted in the Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Disease, S.N. Medical College, Agra, during 2000 - 2003. 23 were male and 22 were female.

 

RESULTS

In the current study a total of 45 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum positive) were studied. 23 were males and 22 were females. The age ranged from 18 years to 65 years. 27 cases were evaluated prior to initiation of therapy whereas the remainder were evaluated 3 months after initiation of therapy of which 3 were evaluated after 4 months of therapy.

 

CONCLUSIONS

The short period of therapy did not result in a decline in the frequency of iron deficiency anaemia or anaemia of chronic disorders. Megaloblastosis was not encountered in any of the patients after therapy.

 

KEY WORDS

Tuberculosis, Infectious Disease, Hematologic Abnormalities, Iron Metabolism

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis is an ancient human disease that has long been a major public health challenge in the world and remains a major health problem in most developing countries. Evidence of existence of tuberculosis has been found in the bones of pre-historic man.[1,2] These remains date back to about 8000 B.C.[3] The theory that tuberculosis is an infectious disease was conceived by Aristotle more than 2000 years before that discovery of tubercle bacillus.[4] The issue was finally settled by Villemin who demonstrated in a series of classical experiments that tuberculosis is caused by a special agent and that it can be transmitted from man to animals by inoculation of infected material. [5,6] At last Rebert Koch discovered tubercle bacilli in .[3,7]

Tuberculosis is uncommon in most parts of the western world, except for the geriatric population and in patients with AIDS, it is assuming increasing importance. In the third world, however, it remains a major problem. In South Africa it is still very common and is a major cause of death. In 1992, WHO published estimates of prevalence of tuberculosis infection and incidence of disease. The prevalence of tuberculous infection was estimated to be 1.7 billion persons or approximately one third of the world population. The annual incidence of new cases of tuberculosis was estimated to be slightly more than 8 million patients. Published estimates by the WHO of the number of new cases of tuberculosis expected in 1995 (8,768,000) and 2000 (10,222,000) indicate a steadily growing problem. 95% of all the cases reside in South-East Asia, Western pacific and Africa.[8]

Hematologic abnormalities have been described in association with mycobacterial infection for almost 100 years. Patients with both pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis may demonstrate peripheral blood abnormalities and the severity of the findings may be minimal or profound. Hematologic changes associated with pulmonary tuberculosis have been incompletely investigated apart for two reports till 1989.[4] The findings in miliary tuberculosis have been reasonably well documented. Other studies have reported the haematological changes in pulmonary tuberculosis in limited details or as information incidental to main object of the investigation5. Investigators have repeatedly addressed the possible casual relationships between blood abnormalities and mycobacterial infection.

Reversible peripheral blood abnormalities are commonly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis, but whether disseminated tuberculosis or atypical disease can cause profound bone marrow and peripheral blood abnormalities by modulating normal haematopoiesis remains controversial. The relationship between profound blood abnormalities and mycobacterial infection has come from an understanding of the immunology of mycobacterial infection9. The only convincing proof that tuberculosis causes a given hematologic abnormality would be the documentation of its disappearance with successful antituberculous therapy alone.

                There are four possible relationship of tuberculosis to hematologic disease. these are-

  1. The hematologic disease predisposes to tuberculosis reactivation.
  2. Tuberculosis causes or is associated with hematologic abnormalities.
  3. Antituberculous drugs cause hematologic abnormalities.
  4. The hematologic disease and tuberculosis are coincidental.

 

The anaemia of chronic inflammation is associated with several disturbances of iron metabolism.[6] These include hypoferremia, hypotransferrinaemia, a reduced percentage saturation of transferrin, a raised plasma ferritin and increased reticuloendothelial iron stores. In addition, there is evidence that several of these changes (including the hypoferremia, tissue redistribution of iron and raised serum ferritin) may occur as a part of the acute phase response and are mediated by interleukin-1.[10] The factors which have been identified as contributing to the anaemia itself include a decreased red cell survival, a reduced erythropoietin response and iron deficient erythropoiesis secondary to the reduced percentage saturation of transferrin.[11] The relative importance of this last mechanism has, however, been questioned.

Hypochromic anaemia associated with the accumulation of excessive numbers of iron granules in the perinuclear zone of erythroblasts (“Sideroblastic Anaemia”) has been described in patients being treated with isoniazid [12]. The condition is apparently very rare in patients receiving isoniazid. However, sideroblastic anaemia does not appear to be infrequent in patients given isoniazid in conjunction with other antituberculous drugs such as cycloserine or pyrazinamide. With this knowledge, we are going to study the haematological changes and iron status associated with tuberculosis.

 

 

Objectives

  1. To assess haematological changes in tuberculosis patients.
  2. To assess serum iron level in tuberculosis patients.
  3. To evaluate bone marrow iron in aspirates from tuberculosis patients.

METHODS

For the present case control study, 45 cases were selected from patients attending the OPD and admitted in Department of Tuberculosis and Chest disease, S.N. Medical College, Agra during 2000-2003. 23 were male and 22 were female. The sample size was taken based on the convenience of the study. The age ranged from 18 years to 65 years 27 cases were evaluated prior to initiation of therapy whereas, the remainder were evaluated 3 or more months after therapy. We had also studied 15 controls, of which 8 were male. The control cases were evaluated for haemoglobin, peripheral blood changes, ESR, platelet count and serum iron. The study was approved by Ethics committee and informed consent was obtained.

 

 

Selection of Patients

Only sputum positive cases were evaluated in the study.

 

 

Sample

Blood sample is collected in E.D.T.A vial and plain vial along with bone marrow aspiration was done

 

 

Assay

Following investigations were done to assess the haematological changes in those patients.

  1. Haemoglobin estimation by cyanmethemoglobin method (Dacie and Lewis 1991).
  2. TLC with Turk’s fluid with help of Neubauer chamber.
  3. DLC peripheral blood smear stained by Leishman stain.
  4. Platelet count – with 10g/l ammonium oxalate solution as diluents with the help of Neubauer chamber.
  5. ESR by Wintrobe’s method.
  6. Serum iron level with the help of commercially available kits (Ferrozine method)
  7. Bone marrow examination – Bone marrow aspirate smears stained by Romanowsky method.
  8. Perl’s reagent to assess bone marrow iron.

 

 

Statistical Methods

The statistical package for Social Science {SPSS} Version 20 will be used for Data Analysis. Mean, median, and SD are used to describe quantitative data. Qualitative data are summarized using frequency and percentage.

RESULTS

In the current study a total of 45 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum positive) were studied. 23 were males and 22 were females. The age ranged from 18 years to 65 years 27 cases were evaluated prior to initiation of therapy whereas the remainder were evaluated 3 months after initiation of therapy of which 3 were evaluated after 4 months of therapy.

 

 

Patients (27)

Controls (15)

Anaemia of chronic disorder

Iron deficiency anaemia

Megaloblastic anaemia

Normal haemoglobin

Unexplained anaemia

Bone marrow not suitable for iron assessment

12(48%)

4(16%)

3(12%)

0 (0%)

6(24%)

2

11(64.7%)

3(17.6%)

0 (0%)

3(17.64%)*

0 (0%)

2

Total

27

18

Table 1. Evaluation of 27 Untreated & 18 Treated Cases

*(includes one cases of evolving anaemia of chronic disorders)

 

 

In the current study 27 patients were studied before initiation of therapy, 18 patients were studied after the therapy. Anaemia of chronic disorder was found in 23 patients (54.76%), 12 (48%) patients in untreated & 11 (64.11%) in treated group.

Iron deficiency anaemia was found in 7 patients (16.66%), 4 (16%) in untreated and 3 (17.64%) in the treated group.

Megaloblastic anaemia was found only in 3 (12%) cases in untreated patients, overall frequency was 7.14%. In untreated group 6 (24%) cases were found with unexplained anaemia.

3 (17.64%) cases had normal haemoglobin in treated group in which one case was evolving anaemia of chronic disorder. 3 bone-marrow aspirates were not suitable for assessment of iron (2 in untreated, 1 in treated group).

 

Haemoglobin Evaluation

Patients (27)

Controls (15)

Non Anaemic

Mild Anaemia

Moderate Anaemia(Hb-6-9 g/dL)

Severe Anaemia(Hb<6 g/dL)

0 (0%)

14 (51.85%)

11 (40.74%)

2 (7.40%)

5 (33.33%)

10 (66.66%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Range

2.5-12.5 g/dL

11-14 gm/dL

Mean

8.8 gm/dL

12.06 gm/dL

Table 2. Haemoglobin Evaluation in 27

Untreated Patients and 15 Controls

 

Haemoglobin range from 2.5 gm/dL (control 11 g/dL) to 12.5 gm/dL (control 14 gm/dL) at the time of diagnosis, with a mean of 8.81 gm/dL (control 12.06 gm/dL). There was no case of non-anaemic (control 33.33%). Of the anaemic group, 51.85% had mild anaemia (control 66.66%), 40.74% had moderate anaemia (control 0%), 7.40% had severe anaemia (control 0%). Thus 100% of cases were anaemic (control 66.66%).

 

Haemoglobin Evaluation

Patients (18)

Non Anaemic

Mild Anaemia

Moderate Anaemia (Hb-6-9 g/dL)

Severe Anaemia (Hb<6 g/dL)

3 (16.66%)

11 (61.11%)

4 (22.22%)

0 (0%)

Range

6.5-13 g/dL

Mean

10.30 g/dL

Table 3. Haemoglobin Evaluation in 18 Treated Patients

 

Haemoglobin in 18 treated patients ranged from 6.5 gm/dL to 13 gm/dL (untreated 2.5-12.5 gm/dL) after 3 months of initiation of therapy with a mean of 10.30 gm/dL (untreated 8.81 g/dL). 16.66% cases (3 cases) were non-anaemic, of which 2 cases were female. The severity of anaemia was characterized as mild in 61.11% (untreated-57.85%), moderate in 22.22% (untreated 40.74%), severe anaemia was not seen in any patients (untreated 7.40%). Thus 83.33% of cases were anaemic (untreated 100%).

 

 

Patients (27)

Controls (15)

                                    Non Anaemic

        Normocytic Normochromic

        Anaemia.

  1. Normocytic Normochromic
    1. Microcytic Hypochromic
      1. Normocytic Hypochromic
      2. Microcytic Normochromic

           E,         Macrocytic Normochromic

                F          Macrocytic Hypochromic

0 (00%)

       

        27 (100%)

       19 (70.3%)

4 (14.81%)

        1 (3.7%)

         0 (0%)

3 (11.1%)

         0 (0%)

 

      

         5 (33.33%)

            .

        10 (66.66%)

 

.

.

 

 

 

Table 4. Evaluation of R.B.C. Morphology in

27 Untreated Patients and 15 Controls

 

All the 27 patients were anaemic at the time of diagnosis. The Red Blood Cells were characterized as normocytic normochromic in 70.37% (100% in both anaemic and non-anaemic control group). 14.81% were microcytic hypochromic, 11.11% were macrocytic normochromic and rest 3.70% were normocytic hypochromic.

 

 

Patients (18)

Non Anaemic

Normocytic Normochromic

Anaemia.

Normocytic Normochromic

Microcytic Hypochromic

Normocytic Hypochromic

Microcytic Normochromic

Macrocytic Normochromic

Macrocytic Hypochromic

3 (16.66%)

3 (100%)

15 (83.33%)

13 (86.66%)

1 (6.66%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (6.66%)

0 (0.0%)

Table 5. Evaluation of R.B.C. Morphology in 18 Treated Patients

After the therapy 3 (16.66%) patients were non-anaemic, and Red Blood Cells in all (100%) patients were characterized as normocytic normochromic. 15 (83.33%) cases were anaemic, Red Blood Cells in them characterized as normocytic normochromic in 86.66% (untreated 70.31%), microcytic hypochromic in 6.66% (untreated 14.81%) and macrocytic normochromic in 6.66% (untreated 11.11%). Thus normocytic normochromic was 88.88% of cases after therapy.

 

 

Patients (27)

Controls (15)

Normal

Leukocytosis

Leukopenia

13 (48.14%)

12 (44.44%)

2 (7.40%)

15 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Range

1500-21,200/cumm

4200-8,800/cumm

Mean

9,785.18/cumm

6.213.33/cumm

Table 6. Evaluation of Total Leukocyte Count

in 27 Untreated Patients & 15 Controls

 

Total leukocytes count ranged from 1,500/cumm (control 4,200/cumm) to 21,200/cumm (control 8,800/cumm) at the time of diagnosis, with a mean of 9,785.15/cumm (control 6,213.33/cumm). Leukocytosis was 44.44%, Leukopenia in 7.40% and normal count in 48.14% of cases (control 100%). In patients with leukocytosis, 8 (66.66%) cases were in range of 10,000-15,000/cumm, 3 (25%) cases were in range of 15,000-20,000/cumm and 1 (8.33%) case had more than 20,000/cumm count. 2 cases had leukopenia, one had count 3,500/cumm and other has count 1,500/cumm. 2 cases with leukopenia were pancytopenic.

 

DISCUSSION

In the current study a total of 45 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were studied, 23 were male and 22 were female. The age ranged from 18 years to 65 years. 27 cases were evaluated prior to initiation of therapy whereas the remainder were evaluated 2 months after initiation of therapy of which 3 were evaluated after 4 months of therapy. We had also studied 15 control; of which 8 were male.

In the current study, on the basis of peripheral blood, serum iron and bone marrow findings, in pre-therapy group of cases, anaemia of chronic disorders, iron deficiency anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia was found in 48%, 16% and 12% of cases respectively. In 6 cases (24%), cause of anaemia could not be categorized, possible etiological causes include endocrinopathy, evolving anaemia of chronic disorder and technical cause for this unspecified anaemias. Cameron et al(8) found anaemia of chronic disorder, iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia in 26.5%, 38.77% and 6.12% of their cases respectively. Post therapy group of current study revealed anaemia of chronic disorders, iron deficiency anaemia in 64.7% and 17.64% of cases respectively. Megaloblastic anaemia was not detected in post therapy group. In 2 cases of iron deficiency anaemic with normal S. iron was a surprise finding lending itself to possible interpretation of concomitant iron therapy instituted to patients. Haemoglobin was in the normal range in 3 cases of post therapy group including 1 case of resolving anaemia of chronic disorders.

In the current study, in the untreated group, mild to moderate anaemia was common but severe anaemia was rarely found (2 out of 27 untreated cases) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Mild anaemia was also common in control group. This is also suggested by Charles D.W. Morris et al (13) and Arthur R. Bird (14) in their studies they noted anaemia in 66.5% and 58.5% (male 72%, female 45%) of their cases respectively. In the current study after therapy, mild anaemia and moderate anaemia was 61.11% and 22.2% respectively, no patients had severe anaemia, Anaemia was not present in 16.66% of cases. Daphne H. Line (1970) and S.J. Cameron(8), noted anaemia in 23% and 20% of their cases after therapy.

Majority (70.37%) of patients in this series had normocytic normochromic red cells before initiation of therapy. Arthur R. Bird et al, observed 95% normocytic normochromic blood picture, their findings are consistent with this current study. C.D.W. Morris, observed normocytic normochromic red cells in 66% of their cases. In the current study microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic normochromic red cell morphology was observed in 14.81% and 11.11% of the untreated cases respectively, Arthur R. Bird et al(13), observed microcytosis in 14% of their cases, macrocytosis in 18% of their cases. Their findings are almost similar to the observation in this study. In the current study after therapy normocytic normochromic red cells were in 88.88% of cases, while microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic normochromic red cells were in 6.66% of cases each. The finding can be comparable to the finding before the therapy, normocytic normochromic red cells were increased after therapy, while frequency of microcytic hypochromic and macrocytic normochromic fallen down after therapy, indicating red blood cells moved towards normality after therapy.

In this study, Leukocytosis was observed in 44.44% of untreated cases, all were due to neutrophilia, although one case had associated monocytosis and two cases had associated monocytosis and eosinophilia. Arthur R Bird, observed leucocytosis in 40% of patients. Daphne H. Line, found a mean total leucocyte count of 10,000/cumm in their patients with anaemia, which is similar to that observed in current study (9,785/cumm), CDW Morris, noted leukocytosis in 55% of their cases.

Leukopenia was detected in 2 cases (7.40%) both pancytopenic, both were due to neutropenia and lymphopenia, S.J. Cameron (5), have found 5% of the cases with leukopenia all were due to neutropenia. This correlates with the current study. After the 3 months of therapy, the frequency of leucocytosis fell to 22.22% with a mean total leukocyte count of 9,127/cumm. Daphne H. Line also observed a fall of mean total leucocyte count from 10,000/cumm to 9,000/cumm after therapy. This correlates with the findings in the current study.

In the differential leukocyte count neutrophilia was observed in 59.25% of untreated cases in the current study. Arthur R. Bird et al , observed neutrophilia in 57% of cases. CDW Morris, observed neutrophilia in 69% of cases the above two findings are consistent with the current findings. The frequency of neutropenia in the current study (11.11%) was about twice as high as observed by S.J. Cameron (5%). In the current study, lymphopenia was observed in 55.55% of untreated cases. CDW Morris observed lymphopenia in 22% of their cases. Arthur R Bird et al , reported lymphocytopenia in 17% of cases. Monocytopenia was observed in 37.03% of untreated cases in the current study, the corresponding figures in the series of Morris(14) and Bird(13) were 37% and 50% respectively.

Eosinophilia was present in 14.81% of untreated patients in the current series. No mention of this could be discovered on reviewing the literature. Since about 6% of normal controls also revealed eosinophilia, too much importance cannot be attached to this observation. In the current study a mean of 3.07 lakh/cumm of platelet count was observed after the therapy. Thrombocytosis was observed in only 5.55% (1 case) which was much lower than before initiation of therapy (59.25%), R.D. Baynes et al (2) observed mean platelet count as 2.83 lakh/cumm after therapy, Arthur R Bird et al, observed a mean of 3.26 lakh/cumm in acid fast bacilli negative cases after the therapy.

In the current study, ESR (Wintrobe) ranged from 20-80 mm 1st hour with a mean of 40.29 mm 1st hour with an increased ESR being observed in all the patients. Whereas it was found to be normal in all the control subjects. Arthur R Bird et al, observed a mean ESR of 74 mm 1st hour with increased ESR being noted in 80% of cases. CDW Morris (14), observed a mean ESR of 71 mm 1st hour with increased ESR being observed in 90% of cases. After the therapy ESR had fallen to a mean of 9 mm 1st hour, all the cases fell below 15 mm 1st hour, with an increased ESR being encountered in only 22.22% of cases and normal in 77.77% of cases. Daphne H. Line et al, similarly observed ESR less than 15 mm 1st hour in all patients after the therapy.

In the current study Bone-Marrow examination was done on 27 patients before initiation of therapy. Plasmacytosis was noted in 29.62% of Bone-Marrow aspirates. S.J. Cameron (5), noted prominence of mature plasma cells in 17% of Bone Marrow Aspirates. Arthur R. Brid et al, observed plasmacytosis in 51% of bone marrow aspirates.

Increased eosinophils were noted in 11.11% of Bone-Marrow aspirates before therapy, which is consistent with the frequency of eosinophilia (14.81%) in the peripheral blood. Increased thrombopoiesis was observed in 22.22% of bone marrow aspirates before therapy, which somewhat correlates with increased platelet count (59.25%). Erythroid hyperplasia was noted in 48.14% of patient before therapy which correlates with decreased M:E ratio (48.14%).

Myeloid hyperplasia was noted in 11.11% of cases which correlates with increased M:E ratio (11.11%). No specific mention of increased erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis or thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow aspirates, was discovered in the literature. After the therapy, Bone-marrow aspiration was done on 17 patients. Plasmacytosis was observed in 5.88% (1 case), much lower than findings at the time of diagnosis (29.62%).

Increased eosinophils were observed in 17.64% of Bone-Marrow aspirated after therapy, which was slightly higher than that of the time of diagnosis, this also supports the increased frequency of eosinophilia after the therapy in peripheral blood in comparison to eosinophilia at the time of diagnosis. After the treatment all the cases had normal thrombopoiesis. Before the therapy there were normoblastic erythropoiesis in 66.66%, micronormoblastic erythropoiesis in 22.22% and megaloblastic erythropoiesis in 11.11%. in one case erythropoiesis was normoblastic in which leucopoiesis

showed megaloblastic changes. Daphne H Line et al (1970), found megaloblastosis at much higher frequency (55.17%) in their series. However, this was not similar to the experience of other workers who noted megaloblastosis at much lower frequency 6% by S.J. Cameron 13.51% by Arthur R. Bird and 29.41% by Roberts et al (15). After the therapy, there were 88.23% normoblastic erythropoiesis and 11.76% had micronormoblastic erythropoiesis; thus the proportion of micronormoblastic marrow fell to about half & megaloblastic marrow were not observed.

In the current study, storage iron was evaluated in 25 patients at the time of diagnosis, 2 marrows were not suitable for assessment of storage iron. Normal stores were observed in 72% of Bone-marrows, this is similar to the frequency of 70% reported by Daphne H. Line et al(16) but much higher than the frequency of normal iron stores (17%) reported by Cameron et al. Iron absent from store were in 20% and increased in 8% of marrows of current untreated patients. As reported in the literature the frequency of absent iron stores ranges from 30% and Roberts et al (15) to 40%. The reason for slightly lower frequency of absent storage iron in the untreated study is not known. Most marrows had store of grade 2+ (48%) in the current study. In the current study of untreated patient the frequency of sideroblast was range from 2-38% with a mean of 13.24%, reduced frequency were noted in 88% the corresponding figure in Daphne H. Line series was 65% which is slightly lower.

In the current study 17 patients were evaluated for storage iron after the therapy. Iron was absent from stores in 17.64% (untreated 20%), normal stores were in 52.94% (untreated 72%) and increased stores in 29.14% (untreated 8%). Daphne H. Line(16), observed mild increase in frequency of absence of storage iron after therapy. In the current series, the increased frequency of excessive storage iron after the therapy was an unexpected finding. It could possibly been a consequence of concomitant iron therapy which the patients may have taken. Other workers have noted increased frequency of sideroblasts after therapy (Robert et al, Daphne H Line) (16), this increase was also observed in the current study.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on peripheral blood, serum iron and bone marrow findings, anaemia of chronic disorders was detected in 23 (54.76%) cases, iron deficiency anaemia in 7 (16.66%) cases, megaloblastic anaemia in 3 (7.14%) cases. 3 (17.645) cases restored to normal haemoglobin after therapy including one with resolving anaemia of chronic disorders. In six cases, (14.28%), anaemia could not be clearly categorized on the basis of peripheral smear, serum iron and iron studies. The short period of therapy did not result in a decline in the frequency of iron deficiency anaemia or anaemia of chronic disorders. Megaloblastosis was not encountered in any of the patients after therapy.

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How to cite this article

Malviya A, Bahal N. Haematological changes in tuberculosis with special reference to iron metabolism. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2020;9(30):2133-2138, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/465

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